LPH | f/8 Photography Topics

« f/8 Photography Topics »

Wikipedia.org \| Articles in PDF ▼
▌Photography ▼ Photography is the process, activity and art of creating still or moving pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or an electronic sensor. Photography uses foremost radiation in the UV, visible and near-IR spectrum. For common purposes the term light is used instead of radiation. Light reflected or emitted from objects form a real image on a light sensitive area (film or plate) or a FPA pixel array sensor by means of a pin hole or lens in a device known as a camera during a timed exposure. The result on film or plate is a latent image, subsequently developed into a visual image (negative or diapositive). An image on paper base is known as a print. The result on the FPA pixel array sensor is an electrical charge at each pixel which is electronically processed and stored in a computer (raster)-image file for subsequent display or processing. Photography has many uses for business, science, manufacturing (f.i. Photolithography), art, and recreational purposes. Read the full article in ◄		▌Color ▼ Color or colour (see spelling differences) is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, green, blue and others. Color derives from the spectrum of light (distribution of light energy versus wavelength) interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors. Color categories and physical specifications of color are also associated with objects, materials, light sources, etc., based on their physical properties such as light absorption, reflection, or emission spectra. By defining a color space, colors can be identified numerically by their coordinates. Because perception of color stems from the varying sensitivity of different types of cone cells in the retina to different parts of the spectrum, colors may be defined and quantified by the degree to which they stimulate these cells. These physical or physiological quantifications of color, however, do not fully explain the psychophysical perception of color appearance. Read the full article in ◄

▌Digital Camera ▼ A digital camera (or digicam) is a camera that takes video or still photographs, or both, digitally by recording images via an electronic image sensor. Many compact digital still cameras can record sound and moving video as well as still photographs. Most 21st century cameras are digital. Digital cameras can do things film cameras cannot: displaying images on a screen immediately after they are recorded, storing thousands of images on a single small memory device, recording video with sound, and deleting images to free storage space. Some can crop pictures and perform other elementary image editing. The optical system works the same as in film cameras, typically using a lens with a variable diaphragm to focus light onto an image pickup device. The diaphragm and shutter admit the correct amount of light to the imager, just as with film but the image pickup device is electronic rather than chemical. Digital cameras are incorporated into many devices ranging from PDAs and mobile phones (called camera phones) to vehicles. The Hubble Space Telescope and other astronomical devices are essentially specialized digital cameras. Read the full article in ◄		▌Dots per inch (dpi) ▼ Dots per inch (DPI) is a measure of spatial printing or video dot density, in particular the number of individual dots that can be placed in a line within the span of 1 inch (2.54 cm). The DPI value tends to correlate with image resolution, but is related only indirectly. DPI measurement in video resolution: Because color display units use three coloured subpixels (red, green and blue), the DPI measurement is frequently misused, especially in the automotive market. An example of misuse would be if an LCD monitor manufacturer claimed that a 320 × 240 pixel 3 in (76 mm) monitor (2.4 × 1.8 in/61 × 46 mm) actually had a resolution of 400 DPI, (three times the pixels per inch.) Technically this would be correct (as each sub-pixel could be considered a dot), but compared to the standard accepted practice of using pixels as a means of measuring resolution, it could mislead customers into thinking the relabeled monitor had a greater resolution and therefore better picture quality than identical but normally labeled monitors. Such misuse is commonly found in advertising for in-car LCD displays. Read the full article in ◄

▌ Camera Lens▼ A camera lens (also known as photographic lens, objective lens or photographic objective) is an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with a camera body and mechanism to make images of objects either on photographic film or on other media capable of storing an image chemically or electronically. While in principle a simple convex lens will suffice, in practice a compound lens made up of a number of optical lens elements is required to correct (as much as possible) the many optical aberrations that arise. Some aberrations will be present in any lens system. It is the job of the lens designer to balance these out and produce a design that is suitable for photographic use and possibly mass production. There is no major difference in principle between a lens used for a still camera, a video camera, a telescope, a microscope, or other apparatus, but the detailed design and construction are different. A lens may be permanently fixed to a camera, or it may be interchangeable with lenses of different focal lengths, apertures, and other properties. Read the full article in ◄		▌Vignetting ▼ In photography and optics, vignetting (from French "vignette") is a reduction of an image's brightness or saturation at the periphery compared to the image center. The word vignette, from the same root as vine, originally referred to a decorative border in a book. Later, the word came to be used for a photographic portrait which is clear in the center, and fades off at the edges. A similar effect occurs when filming projected images or movies off a projection screen. The resulting so-called"hotspot" effect defines a cheap home-movie look where no proper telecine is used. Vignetting is often an unintended and undesired effect caused by camera settings or lens limitations. However, it is sometimes purposely introduced for creative effect, such as to draw attention to the center of the frame. A photographer may deliberately choose a lens which is known to produce vignetting to obtain the effect, or it may be introduced with the use of special filters or post-processing procedures. Causes: There are several causes of vignetting. Sidney F. Ray distinguishes the following types: • Mechanical vignetting • Optical vignetting • Natural vignetting A fourth cause is unique to digital imaging: • Pixel vignetting Read the full article in ◄


▌ They know they're Nature photographer when... ◄ © Belén Etchegaray - FNAweb.org - Spanish	▌To participate: Submit you Photography Topic to LPH via ◄	▌Intellectual Property Law No. 11.723 ◄ Argentina Republic (PDF 76,1 Kb.) - Spanish
▌ The camera controller ◄ © Michael Landford (PDF 1,78 Mb.) - Spanish	▌ Optimize images for the web with Photoshop ◄ © Multimagen.com (PDF 251,0 Kb.) - Spanish
▌ 2006 RAW Survey Report ◄ © OpenRaw.org (PDF 1,93 Mb.) - English	▌ RAW image format ◄ © Wikipedia.org (PDF 182,0 Kb.) - English

To read PDF files ◄


Request information to LPH via ► Juana Koslay - San Luis \| Argentina

« f/8 Photography Topics »

Wikipedia.org | Articles in PDF ▼

▌Photography ▼

Photography is the process, activity and art of creating still or moving pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or an electronic sensor. Photography uses foremost radiation in the UV, visible and near-IR spectrum. For common purposes the term light is used instead of radiation. Light reflected or emitted from objects form a real image on a light sensitive area (film or plate) or a FPA pixel array sensor by means of a pin hole or lens in a device known as a camera during a timed exposure. The result on film or plate is a latent image, subsequently developed into a visual image (negative or diapositive). An image on paper base is known as a print. The result on the FPA pixel array sensor is an electrical charge at each pixel which is electronically processed and stored in a computer (raster)-image file for subsequent display or processing.

Photography has many uses for business, science, manufacturing (f.i. Photolithography), art, and recreational purposes.

Read the full article in ◄

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LPH17342

▌Color ▼

Color or colour (see spelling differences) is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, green, blue and others. Color derives from the spectrum of light (distribution of light energy versus wavelength) interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors. Color categories and physical specifications of color are also associated with objects, materials, light sources, etc., based on their physical properties such as light absorption, reflection, or emission spectra. By defining a color space, colors can be identified numerically by their coordinates.

Because perception of color stems from the varying sensitivity of different types of cone cells in the retina to different parts of the spectrum, colors may be defined and quantified by the degree to which they stimulate these cells. These physical or physiological quantifications of color, however, do not fully explain the psychophysical
perception of color appearance.

Read the full article in ◄

▌Digital Camera ▼

A digital camera (or digicam) is a camera that takes video or still photographs, or both, digitally by recording images via an electronic image sensor.

Many compact digital still cameras can record sound and moving video as well as still photographs. Most 21st century cameras are digital.

Digital cameras can do things film cameras cannot: displaying images on a screen immediately after they are recorded, storing thousands of images on a single small memory device, recording video with sound, and deleting images to free storage space. Some can crop pictures and perform other elementary image editing. The optical system works the same as in film cameras, typically using a lens with a variable diaphragm to focus light onto an image pickup device. The diaphragm and shutter admit the correct amount of light to the imager, just as with film but the image pickup device is electronic rather than chemical.

Digital cameras are incorporated into many devices ranging from PDAs and mobile phones (called camera phones) to vehicles. The Hubble Space Telescope and other astronomical devices are essentially specialized digital cameras.

Read the full article in ◄

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LPH6930

▌Dots per inch (dpi) ▼

Dots per inch (DPI) is a measure of spatial printing or video dot density, in particular the number of individual dots that can be placed in a line within the span of 1 inch (2.54 cm). The DPI value tends to correlate with image resolution, but is related only indirectly.

DPI measurement in video resolution:

Because color display units use three coloured subpixels (red, green and blue), the DPI measurement is frequently misused, especially in the automotive market. An example of misuse would be if an LCD monitor manufacturer claimed that a 320 × 240 pixel 3 in (76 mm) monitor (2.4 × 1.8 in/61 × 46 mm) actually had a resolution of 400 DPI, (three times the pixels per inch.) Technically this would be correct (as each sub-pixel could be considered a dot), but compared to the standard accepted practice of using pixels as a means of measuring resolution, it could mislead customers into thinking the relabeled monitor had a greater resolution and therefore better picture quality than identical but normally labeled monitors. Such misuse is commonly found in advertising for in-car LCD displays.

Read the full article in ◄

▌ Camera Lens▼

A camera lens (also known as photographic lens, objective lens or photographic objective) is an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with a camera body and mechanism to make images of objects either on photographic film or on other media capable of storing an image chemically or electronically.

While in principle a simple convex lens will suffice, in practice a compound lens made up of a number of optical lens elements is required to correct (as much as possible) the many optical aberrations that arise. Some aberrations will be present in any lens system. It is the job of the lens designer to balance these out and produce a design that is suitable for photographic use and possibly mass production.

There is no major difference in principle between a lens used for a still camera, a video camera, a telescope, a microscope, or other apparatus, but the detailed design and construction are different.

A lens may be permanently fixed to a camera, or it may be interchangeable with lenses of different focal lengths, apertures, and other properties.

Read the full article in ◄

LPH11209

LPH18466

▌Vignetting ▼

In photography and optics, vignetting (from French "vignette") is a reduction of an image's brightness or saturation at the periphery compared to the image center. The word vignette, from the same root as vine, originally referred to a decorative border in a book. Later, the word came to be used for a photographic portrait which is clear in the center, and fades off at the edges. A similar effect occurs when filming projected images or movies off a projection screen. The resulting so-called"hotspot" effect defines a cheap home-movie look where no proper telecine is used.

Vignetting is often an unintended and undesired effect caused by camera settings or lens limitations. However, it is sometimes purposely introduced for creative effect, such as to draw attention to the center of the frame. A photographer may deliberately choose a lens which is known to produce vignetting to obtain the effect, or it may be introduced with the use of special filters or post-processing procedures.

Causes:
There are several causes of vignetting. Sidney F. Ray distinguishes the following types:

• Mechanical vignetting
• Optical vignetting
• Natural vignetting
A fourth cause is unique to digital imaging:
• Pixel vignetting

Read the full article in ◄

▌ They know they're Nature photographer when... ◄

▌To participate:

Submit you Photography

Topic to LPH

via ◄

▌Intellectual Property Law No. 11.723 ◄

Argentina Republic (PDF 76,1 Kb.) - Spanish

▌ The camera controller ◄

▌ Optimize images for the web with Photoshop ◄

▌ 2006 RAW Survey Report ◄

▌ RAW image format ◄

To read PDF files

◄

Request information to LPH via ►

Juana Koslay - San Luis | Argentina

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